world+history+unit+6

=**Part 1:** =

**Identifiy:**
1.New Imperialism- hecolonial expansion adopted by Europe's Powers and, later, Japan and the United States, during the 19th and early 20th centuries; expansion took place from the French conquest of Algeria to World War I: approximately 1830 - 1914. 2. protectorate- state that is controlled and protected by another. 3. exploit-make full use of and derive benefit from 4. indirect rule- system of government of one nation by another in which the governed people retain certain administrative, legal, and other powers. 5. direct rule- system of government in which a province is controlled by a centralgovernment. 6. impose- take advantage of someone by demanding their attention or commitment 7. regime-s ystem or planned way of doing things, esp. one imposed from above


 * 1) 
 * 2) As European affairs grew tense, states sought to acquire colonies abroad to gain an Beginning in the 1880s, European states began an intense scramble for **overseas**  territory.
 * 3) **Imperialism**  is the extension of a nation’s power over other lands.
 * 4) Through “new imperialism,” European states sought nothing less than **direct control**  over vast territories.
 * 5) As European affairs grew tense, states sought to acquire colonies abroad to gain an <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**advantage** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> over rivals.
 * 6) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some Europeans argued that they had a <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**moral** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> responsibility to civilize primitive people.
 * 7) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Britain wanted control of <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Burma (Myanmar)** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in order to protect its possessions in India.
 * 8) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To stop British moves into Vietnam, France decided in 1857 to force the Vietnamese to accept French <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**protection** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.
 * 9) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After the French conquest of Indochina, Thailand was the only remaining <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**free** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">state.
 * 10) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">President William McKinley decided to turn the <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Philippines** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> into an American colony.
 * 11) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In indirect rule, local rulers were allowed to <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**maintain** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> their positions of authority.
 * 12) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When local elites resisted the foreign conquest, <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**direct rule** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> was enacted, removing local rulers from power.
 * 13) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Colonial policy stressed the <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**export** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of raw materials as opposed to encouraging homegrown industries.
 * 14) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">While many early native resistance movements were overcome by Western powers, by the twentieth century, a new kind of resistance began to emerge that was based on the force of <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**nationalism** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.
 * 15) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The leaders of resistance to colonial rule were often the westernized <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**intellectuals** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in the cities.

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">Part 2: =

<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">Terms:
===<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">** 1.annex- append or add as an extra or subordinate part ** === 2. conflicting- incompatibility between two or more opinions, principles, or interests 3. indigenous- originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native 4. consequence- result or effect of an action or condition

<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Which five European countries placed virtually all of Africa under European control between 1880 and 1900? Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain

2. What reforms did Muhammad Ali introduce during a 30-year reign in Egypt? Confiscated land from tax farmers to establish regular government revenue.

3. What did Great Britain believe concerning the Suez Canal? Anthony Eden, the British prime minister, feared that Nasser intended to form an Arab Alliance that would cut off oil. lol beast

4. In 1879, France established control over which North African country? Algeria

5. What humiliation did Italy suffer in North Africa in 1896? Because The Italian Forces were defeated by Ethiopia in 1896.

6. By what means did King Leopold II of Belgium colonize Central Africa? The pursuit of an empire and money.

7. How were Britain and Germany’s competing claims over East Africa settled? <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[|Algeciras Conference]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. What part did African delegates play in the Berlin Conference as their continent was being carved up by European powers? No African delegates, however, were present at this conference

9. What did the Boers believe was ordained by God in relation to racial differences? They believed themselves preserved by God's own wisdom and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0645ad; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[|__Providence__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and had shown special grace to them as a particular people.

10. Describe one of the major goals of Cecil Rhodes. One of Rhodes' specific goals was the creation of a 'Cape to Cairo' empire for the British.

11. By 1914, which two African countries remained as non-colonized free states? Ethiopia and Liberia

12. What were some of the negative consequences of British indirect rule? The system was basically fraud and it kept the old African elite in power.

13. Explain the “gap” between theory and practice in colonial policy. A gap between colonial theory and policy refers to the way in which a nation expresses intentions and fails to live up to them.

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">** Part 3: ** =

<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">** Terms: **
1. attitude- settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something,typically one that is reflected in a person's behavior 2. sepoy- Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders 3. transfer- move or cause to move to another group, occupation, or service 4. viceroy- ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I. British power in India <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">increased <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> while the power of <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mongul <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> rulers declined. A. The British had their own <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">solider <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">forts <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to maintain power. B. They hired Indian soldiers known as <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sepoys <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to protect their interests. C. In 1857, Indian distrust of the British led to a revolt, the First War of <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Independence <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. A rumor spread that the British were issuing bullets greased with <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cow <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pig <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fat. 2. Within a year, loyal Indian troops along with the British, crushed the <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">rebellion

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">II. The British ruled India directly through an official called a <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Viceroy <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. A. There were <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Benefits <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to British rule. 1. It brought order and stability to society. 2. It led to fairly honest and <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">efficient <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> government. B. There were peace and stability to British rule. 1. It brought economic hardship to millions as local <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">industries <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> was destroyed. 2. Despite education, Indians were never considered <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">equals <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of the British.

III. In 1885, a group of Indians met to form the <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indian National Congress <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. A. They began by calling for a share in the <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">governing <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> process in India. B. In 1915, <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gandhi <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> became active in an independence movement. 1. He set up a movement based on <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Non-violent <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">resistance. 2. Ultimately, Gandhi’s movement was successful in <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Freeing <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> all India.

IV. The tension in India that arose from British domination led to a <span style="background-color: #f9ff01; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cultural <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, as well as a political, awakening. A. <span style="background-color: #f9ff01; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rabindranath Tagore <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">wrote a widely read novel that reflected an Indian people who admired and imitated the British, but who agonized over how to establish their own <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">identity <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">** Part 4: ** =

<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">** Terms: **
1. creole- descendant of Spanish or other European settlers in theCaribbean or Central or South America 2. peninsulare- Spanish-born Spaniard or mainland Spaniard residing in the New World 3. dominate- have a commanding influence on; exercise control over 4. mestizo- man of mixed race 5. Monroe Doctrine- principle of U.S. policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the U.S. 6. caudillo- military or political leader 7. emphasis- special importance, value, or prominence given to something 8. expand- become or make larger or more extensive

<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Political ideals stemming from the successful (1) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Revolution <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in North America were beginning to influence Latin America. When Napoleon overthrew the monarchies of Spain and Portugal, the authority of the (2) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spaniards <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and (3) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Portugese <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> was weakened in their colonial empires. Between 1807 and 1825, revolutionary movements enabled most of Latin America to become (4) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Independant. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The first real hero of Mexican independence was (5) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Francisco-Dominique. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> On September 16, 1810, a crowd of (6) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Native Americans. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and (7) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mestizos <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, armed with clubs, machetes, and a few guns, formed a mob army to attack the Spaniards. In 1821, Mexico declared its independence from Spain and became a (8) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Republic <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in 1823.(9) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">San Martin <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> believed that the Spaniards must be removed from all of South America if any South American nation was to be free. Unsure of their pre- cise boundaries, the new nations went to war with one another to settle (10) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">border <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> disputes. Soon after independence, strong leaders known as (11) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">caudillos <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> came into power, who ruled by military force.

As a result of the (12) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spanish-American <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> War, Cuba became a United States protectorate, and Puerto Rico was (13) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Annexed <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to the United States. The United States was granted control of a strip of land in Panama where they built the (14) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Panama Canal <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.

Many in Latin America saw the United States as a (15) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">model <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. A result of the prosperity from increased (16) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">exports <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> was growth in the middle sectors of Latin American society. These middle sectors sought liberal (17) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">reform <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, not revolution. Once they had the right to vote, they generally sided with the (18) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">land holding <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> elites