chapter+4

**Part 1 :**
3.capital- the area of a country, province, region, or state, regarded as enjoying primary status, usually but not always the seat of the government 4. entrepreneur- person who organizes and operates a business or businesses 5. cottage industry- business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home. 6. puddling- small pool of liquid 7. migrate- move from one region or habitat to another, esp. regularly according to the seasons 8. industrial capitalism- 9. socialism- political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
 * 1. **** dynamic- characterized by constant change, activity, or progress **
 * 2. **enclosure movement-

Questions:

= Part 2: =
 * 1) When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin? it started in 1750 in Great Britain
 * 2) What six factors contributed to the start of the Industrial Revolution? Coal, pottery, iron, textiles, transport, and money
 * 3) What four inventions advanced the production of cotton cloth? the loom, Jenny, Frame, Steam engine
 * 4) What effect did the steam engine have on the coal and iron industry? It widened the market for those items and more
 * 5) What was the Rocket?the first public railway running between manchester and liverpool.
 * 6) Why did factories begin to require workers to work in shifts?so the workers wouldn't get tired so the factories could run all the time.
 * 7) What three countries were the first to be industrialized in continental Europe? England,Germany, and France
 * 8) What happened in 1853 that showed Japan the importance of industrial power? The us navy's Commodore Perry sailed his warship into japanese waters
 * 9) What change took place in the American labor force between 1800 and 1860? more and more American workers began to work in factories more and not learning a specialized crafts
 * 10) What two classes of people emerged in the European society of the Industrial Revolution?The bourgeoisie and the working class

Terms: 1. conservatism- holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change orinnovation, typically in relation to politics or religion. 2.stability- the state of being stable 3. beneficial- favorable or advantageous 4. principle of intervention- 5. liberalism- open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values 6. universal male suffrage- the right for men to vote 7.multinational state- a state where there are two or more nations residing within

Questions: After the defeat of (1) ** Napoleon **, European rulers moved to restore the old order with (2) ** Great britain **, (3) ** Russia **, (4) ** Austria **, and (5)
 * Prussia ** in power. This goal was addressed at the Congress of (6) ** Vienna ** in September 1814.

The arrangements made at this Congress were a victory for rulers who wanted to contain the new forces unleashed during the (7)
 * French ** Revolution. Their political philosophy, based on tradition and social stability, is known as (8) ** Conservatism ** . The great powers assumed the right of intervention whereby they could send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to keep (9)
 * Monarchs ** in power.

Liberals believed in the protection of (10) ** Civil ** liberties, or the basic rights of all people. Most liberals favored a (11) ** Limited ** monarchy in which a king must follow the law. They thought that the right to vote should be open only to people with (12) ** Property **. These attitudes were (13) ** Middle-class ** attitudes.

(14) ** Nationalism ** in the nineteenth century arose out of people’s awareness of being part of a community with common institutions. People with a common language and traditions began to feel that they were the (15) ** Nation **. (16) ** Empires ** feared the implications of such thinking and fought the forces of nationalism.

Nationalistic/liberal thinking led to (17) ** Revolutions ** in the countries of Europe. The (18) ** Monarchy ** of France was finally overthrown in 1848. Cries for change led many German rulers to promise (19) ** Constitution **, a free press, and jury trials. In Vienna, Austria, revolutionary forces took control of the (20) ** Capital ** and demanded a liberal constitution. Soon, however, the united front of moderate liberals and more radical nationalists throughout Europe was weakened by disagreements over their goals, and so (21) ** Conservative ** forces were able to regain control.

**Part 3:**
Terms:

1. militarism- belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. 2. reliance- dependence on or trust in someone or something 3. levy- impose a tax, fee, or fine 4. kaiser- German emperor, the emperor of Austria, or the head of the Holy Roman Empire 5. plebiscite- direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the constitution. 6. emancipation- set free from legal, social, or political restrictions 7. successor- person or thing that succeeds another 8. abolitionism- person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, capital punishment or slavery. 9. secede- withdraw formally from membership in a federal union, an alliance, ora political or religious organization

I. The Crimean War was the result of a struggle between ** Russian **and the ** Ottoman Empire **. A. Russia was interested in expanding its power into the ** Dardanelles **. B. Fearful of Russian power,** Britain **and ** France **declared war on Russia. C. The Crimean War destroyed the ** Concert ** of Europe.

II. On March 17, 1861, King Victor ** Emmanuel ** II proclaimed a new kingdom of Italy.

III. Under Bismarck, Prussia organized the Northern German states into a ** Confederation **. A. In 1870,** Prussian **armies defeated an entire French army and the French ruler. B. The southern German states agreed to enter the ** North ** German Confederation.

IV. By giving the ** Middle **class a voice in rule, Britain avoided revolution in 1848.

V. The French were defeated in a war with the ** Prussians ** and the Second Napoleonic Empire fell.

VI. The ** Compromise ** of1867created dual monarchies in Austria and Hungary.

VII. The ** Czar ** of Alexander II in 1881 returned Russia to the old methods of repression.

VIII. In December 1860, a South Carolina convention voted to ** Secede **, or withdraw, from the United States.

IX. The end of the American Civil War meant that the United States would be “one nation, ** indivisible **.”

= Part 4: =

Terms:
1. romanticism- movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. 2. abandon- to leave or ditch someone 3. secularization- denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious orspiritual basis 4. organic evolution- the growth and advancement of something 5. adapt- accommodate oneself to, attune to , conform to , habituate oneself 6. natural selection- process whereby organisms better adapted to their environmenttend to survive and produce more offspring. 7. variation- change or difference in condition, amount, or level, typically with certain limits 8. controversy- disagreement, typically when prolonged, public, and heated 9. realism- the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly

1. The ** Romanticism ** emphasized the feelings, emotion, and imagination of the individual artist or writer. 2. Many romantic writers in England lived during the early ** Industrial revolution **, and they often expressed a horror of the conditions they saw. 3. Romantics loved to think about past ages, especially ** Medieval ** times. 4. The exotic and ** unfamiliar ** also attracted many romantics. 5. Chilling examples of romantic literature are Mary Shelley’s ** Frankenstein ** in Britain and Edgar Allen Poe’s short stories of horror in the United States. 6. ** Wordsmith ** and other romantic poets believed science had reduced nature to a cold object of study. 7. Romantic artists believed art was a reflection of the artist’s inner ** feelings **. 8. Romantic trends also dominated ** music ** the first half of the nineteenth century. 9. ** Beethoven ** said, “I must write, for what weighs on my heart, I must express!” 10. In biology, Frenchman Louis Pasteur proposed the ** germ ** theory of disease. 11. In Great Britain, Michael Faraday put together a primitive generator that laid the foundation for the use of 12. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, a theory that each kind of plant and animal had ** evolved ** over a long period of time. 13. Darwin’s ideas raised a storm of ** Controversy **. 14. Literary realists wanted to write about ** Actual ** characters from actual life rather than romantic heroes in exotic settings.
 * electric ** current.