chapter+8

=**Part 1:** =

===**Terms:** === 1. ethnic- of or relating to a population subgroup with a common national or cultural tradition 2. conscription- compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces. 3.alter- to change something 4. anticipate- regard as probable; expect or predict 5. behalf- in the interests of a person, group, or principle 6. mobilization- prepare and organize

===**Identify:** === Triple Alliance: was the military alliance among Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882 until the start of World War I in 1914 Triple Entente: was the name given to the alliance between the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. Archduke Francis Ferdinand: (18 December 1863 - 28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Gavrilo Princip: was a Bosnian Serb patriot, associated with the freedom movement Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia). Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Emperor William II: (27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling both the German Empire and theKingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 18 November 1918 Czar Nicholas II: 17 July 1918) was the last Czar of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. General Alfred von Schlieffen: 28 February 1833 – 4 January 1913) was a German field marshal and strategist who served as Chief of the ImperialGerman General Staff from 1891 to 1906.

===**Questions:** === 1. What did liberals believe about European states in the early nineteenth century? 2. Name the two loose alliances of Europe’s great powers. 3. What did trade unions and Socialist parties do to achieve their goals? 4. What did the large size of European armies make obvious? 5. What three things may have played a role in starting World War I? 6. Which country supported Serbia’s desire to create an independent Slavic state? 7. What assassination instigated war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary? 8. What action of Russia prompted Germany to declare war? 9. What was Germany’s Schlieffen Plan? 10. By what route did Germany invade France? 11. For what official reason did Great Britain declare war on Germany?

=**Part 2:** =

Propaganda: Information, esp. of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. Trench warfare: A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facingeach other. War of attrition: A prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scaleactions. Suspend: Temporarily prevent from continuing or being in force or effect. Submission: The action or fact of accepting or yielding to a superior force or to the will or authority of another person. Assure: Tell someone something positively or confidently to dispel any doubts they may have. Total war: A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, esp. one in which the laws of war are disregarded. Planned economies: An economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes aredetermined centrally by a government.
 * Define**: propaganda, trench warfare, war of attrition, suspend, submission, assure, total war, planned economies.

Lawrence of Arabia: (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) Lead a revolt against turkish Admiral Holtzendorff: (January 9, 1853 - June 7, 1919) German admiral. Famous for idea of "unrestricted submarine warfare" Woodrow Wilson: (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) 28th president of the United States. Most remembered for the fourteen points.
 * Identify**: Lawrence of Arabia, Admiral Holtzendorff, Woodrow Wilson.

=**Part 3:** =

soviets: an elected local, district, or national council in the former USSR. coincide: occur at or during the same time. irrelevant: not connected with or relevant to something. war communism: was the economic and political system that existed in the Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921.
 * Define**:

Alexandra: was Empress consort of Russia, the wife of Tsar Nicholas I, and mother of Tsar Alexander II. Grigori Rasputin: 2 January (10 January] 1869 – 29 December (16 December 1916) Was a Russian Mystic. He influenced the later days of Nicholas II, the Emperor of Russia. People believed him to be a healer and psychic. Alexander Kerensky: (2 May 1881 – 11 June 1970) was a major political leader before and during the Russian Revolutions of 1917. Kerensky served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until Vladimir Lenin was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets following the October Revolution. He died in exile. Bolsheviks: Were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party who came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Soviet Union. V. I. Lenin: (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924), born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917–1924), leading the country through the Russian Civil War, and worked to create a socialist economic system. Leon Trotsky: (7 November 1879 – 21 August 1940) born Lev Davidovich Bronstein, was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. Trotsky was one of the leaders of the Russian October Revolution, second only to Vladimir Lenin. During the early days of the Soviet Union, he served first as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and later as the founder and commander of the Red Army and People's Commissar of War. He was a major figure in the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War. He was also among the first members of the Politburo.
 * Identify**:

=**Part 4:** = ===**Define:** ===

1. concentrate- focus one's attention or mental effort on a particular object or activity 2. armistice- an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for acertain time; a truce. 3. consistent- unchanging in achievement or effect over a period of time 4. reparation- the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money toor otherwise helping those who have been wronged 5. clause- particular and separate article, stipulation, or proviso in a treaty, bill, or contract. 6. mandate- official order or commission to do something

===** Identify: ** ===

1. Erich von Ludendorff- In 1916 the he and another general were given supreme military control. They tried to conduct a total war by mobilizing the entire forces of the home front, and in 1917 Ludendorff approved unrestricted submarine warfare against the British, which led to the U.S. entry into the war. 2. Friedrich Ebert- leader of the Social Democratic movement in Germany and a moderate socialist, who was a leader in bringing about the constitution of the Weimar Republic, which attempted to unite Germany after its defeat in World War I. He was president of the Weimar Republic from 1919 to 1925. 3.David Lloyd GeorgeOne of Lloyd George's greatest achievements during the war was in combating the growing German submarine menace, which in early 1917 threatened to starve Britain into submission. He achieved this by forcing the adoption of the convoy system upon a reluctant Admiralty (which included the abrupt dismissal of Sir John Jellicoe on Christmas Eve 1917). 4. Georges Clemenceau- He helped frame the postwar Treaty of Versailles, endeavouring to reconcile French interests with those of Britain and the U.S. Defeated in a presidential election in 1920, he retired from politics.